ABSTRACT

FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES – REVIEW.

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Nicole Lee Siew Len, Nurmin Bolong, Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Abdul Karim Mirasa, Janice Lynn Ayog

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.01.2018.34.37

Flood event is one of the natural disasters that increasingly threaten the safety of the people in an area. Critical infrastructure albeit important, has been shown to be vulnerable to flooding and damages to critical infrastructure element may affect large areas over a longer time period. Critical infrastructures play an important role in functioning of industries and communities and also responding against flooding to reduce their impacts. Critical infrastructures such as hospital, school, road networks and other infrastructures are important during flood event to serve as emergency services. It was found that there is difference in understanding the concept of vulnerability with varying assessments and different view. This paper briefly reviews the concept of vulnerability and discusses on the approach used for flood vulnerability of critical infrastructure by past researchers to identify and fortify the vulnerable critical infrastructure ahead of time reducing the potential damage due to flood. This paper focuses the vulnerability of critical infrastructure during flood event and also describes several approaches with a discussion on the application of the approaches used and the relevance results.

ABSTRACT

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FRICTION ANGLE IN KINEMATIC ANALYSIS.

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Ismail Abd Rahim, Junaidi Asis, Mohamed Ali Yusuf Mohd Husin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.01.2018.38.41

The kinematic analysis is a method in determining the types of failure modes for a rock slope. This analysis is referring to the motion of bodies without reference to the forces that cause them to move and depending on the relationship between slope geometry and internal friction angle of discontinuity plane or failure. The selection of friction angle type for kinematic analysis is an important aspect in term of cost, availability and reliability of testing, equipment and result. Then, kinematic analysis has been conducted by using the peak, basic and conventional friction angles values from triaxial test, tilt test and assumption, respectively for ten (10) selected slopes. Finally, the cheaper, most available and reliable result was shown by the basic friction angle and recommended for kinematic analysis.

ABSTRACT

COMPARISON OF GEV AND GUMBLE’S DISTRIBUTION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY CURVE FOR FLOOD PRONE AREA IN SABAH.

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)

Author: Nicklos Jefrin, Nurmin Bolong, Justin Sentian, Ismail Abustan, Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Janice Lynn Ayog

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.01.2018.42.44

Rainfall data has a significant role in hydrological design which is, it’s produce the intensity duration frequency curve. IDF curve gives critical information that needed in the design of water management infrastructure, it gives information by showing the mathematical relation of rainfall intensity, recurrence interval of the storm and duration of storm. This paper aims to compares and develop IDF curve using two frequency distribution which is generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) and Gumbel distribution (EV1). Then, the best fit distribution for flood-prone area in Sabah will be choose and determined from the two-mentioned distribution. The goodness of fit test that used to determine the best distribution is chi-square test, it works by determining the differences between observe data value from Weibull formula and the estimated values from GEV and Gumbel’s distribution method. After that the chi-square value for GEV and Gumbel is compared to the critical value from chi-square table at significant level of 5%. From the Chi-square test, it is concluded that Gumbel’s (chi square value Tandek:0.47952, patiu:1.0531, babagon: 1.026931, Ulu Moyog:0.382415) shows a better fit distribution compared to GEV distribution (chi square value Tandek:59.7598, patiu:16.5746, babagon: 3.3555347, Ulu Moyog:22.1315)

ABSTRACT

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND HYDROGEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SEPTIC-TANKS EFFLUENT MIGRATION TO GROUNDWATER

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Ademila Omowumi

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.01.10

Water quality degradation through different kinds of pollutants is a major concern globally. Hence, this study becomes imperative in order to determine the effects of groundwater pollution due to septic tank effluent. Integrated electrical resistivity imaging, physicochemical and microbiological analyses of water samples from ten hand-dug wells (HdW) and three boreholes (BH) were carried out around residential areas surrounded by septic tank systems using standard field and laboratory procedures. Results of the 2-D resistivity imaging of the subsurface along nine traverses around the study area using Wenner configuration with constant electrode separation ranging from 2 to 12 m showed anomalously low resistivity zones, less than 20 Ωm suspected to be septic plume accumulation. The accumulation was more pronounced in the northern and southern part of the study area to a depth of about 10 m. The direction of groundwater flow suggests that the water in the wells is flowing towards the direction of the septic plume. Physicochemical analyses showed the groundwater samples to be within the specified limits of WHO/NSDWQ for drinking purpose. However, higher values of concentrations of most analyzed parameters were noticed in HdW 6 and HdW 7 due to their nearness to septic tank system. The microbiological analysis indicates excessive amount of microbes in the samples, an indication of groundwater contamination by effluent from the septic tanks. The study recommends treatment and regular monitoring of groundwater sources, adequate distance from water sources to septic systems and adoption of clean technology to prevent contamination of groundwater flow.

ABSTRACT

PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF BASEMENT GNEISSIC ROCKS AROUND OKA-AKOKO, SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Adegbuyi, O., Ogunyele, A.C., Akinyemi, O.M.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.11.16

The gneissic rocks of Oka-Akoko area form part of the Migmatite-Gneiss-Quartzite Complex of the southwestern Nigerian Basement Complex. The petrologic units in the study area include grey gneiss, granite gneiss, Older granite, charnockite and minor felsic and basic rocks. Twelve gneissic rock samples comprising six granite gneiss and six grey gneiss from the area were collected for petrographic and geochemical analyses. Petrographic analysis revealed that the granite gneiss is more enriched in quartz and alkali feldspar than the grey gneiss. The grey gneiss is richer in plagioclase, hornblende and opaques compared to the granite gneiss. Interpretation of petrographic and geochemical analyses results revealed that Oka-Akoko granite gneiss and grey gneiss were derived from igneous protoliths of granitic and granodioritic compositions respectively. The grey gneiss is ferroan, alkalic to alkali-calc and metaluminous suggesting that its igneous protolith(s) is a M-type granitoid derived from melting of rocks from upper mantle or lower crustal region under conditions of limited availability of H2O and low oxygen fugacity while the granite gneiss is magnesian, alkali-calc and slightly peraluminous suggesting that its igneous protolith(s) is an I-type granitoid derived from the partial melting of crustal igneous rocks.

ABSTRACT

INCEPTION OF 3Es IN PROMOTING DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES LIVING NEAR HYDROPOWER DAMS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Sivadass Thiruchelvam, Rahsidi Sabri Muda, Azrul Ghazali, Fatin Faiqah Norkhairi, Kamal Nasharuddin Mustapha, Nora Yahya, Rosnafisah Sulaiman, Zakaria Che Muda

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.17.21

Excessive rain pattern has been the major cause contributing to flooding of low land due to excess water release from affected dams. This deliberate measure has to be taken to prevent the catastrophic effect of a dam break scenario. Therefore, this kind of disaster is considered as a local phenomenon. The local communities are the vulnerable population to face the immediate impact of such disaster. Needless to mention that they are also first emergency responders which is crucial for saving lives. It is therefore imperative for the involved stakeholders to improve local communities’ resilience to dam related disasters. This resonates well with the Hyogo Framework for Action, which identify local communities as integral cornerstone for saving lives and livelihoods. In the case of communities living near main hydropower dams owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad, an initiative known as Integrated Community Based Disaster Management (ICBDM) has been launched in May 2015. This initiative adopts the concept of 3Es; embrace, educate and empower. The priority is to ensure the vulnerable communities embrace the reality, being educated to face any upcoming situation as well as being empowered to take charge of immediate live saving efforts in the future. The initiative involves five key scopes encompassing technical and non-technical areas and promotes the strategic partnerships between dam owner, authority and the community. It is anticipated that this initiative will build the resilience of communities to dam related disaster.

ABSTRACT

ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL HYDROLOGICAL-DROUGHT DURATION PARAMETERS IN MENGALONG RIVER BASIN, SIPITANG, SABAH

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Nordin Sakke, Mohamad Tahir Mapa, Azali Saudi

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.22.25

Drought is a phenomenon of water shortage that will impact the wellbeing of human life. The hydrological drought is a situation of water shortage compared to normal conditions. The degree of severity of drought events can be explained via duration and water deficits of drought events. The duration is an important parameter in understanding the event of drought. Duration refers to a period in which the value of river discharge remains below a certain threshold level. This study attempts to identify the severity of drought based on two drought duration parameters namely the duration of drought event (DE) and the inter arrival time (IAT). In the context of this study, the Q90 percentile value was obtained from the flow duration curve and the minimum drought period (MDP) of drought events for 45 days is used as a threshold level of drought events. The 39 year discharge data for Mengalong stations is used to determine the Q percentile value. From the analysis, the cumulative period of the drought events is recorded around 390 days covers 3.6% of the entire record. There were four drought events throughout the record that is in 1992, 1998, 2015 and 2016. The lowest duration was 59 days recorded in 1992, while the longest was 135 days recorded in 1998. This long period is associated with the presence of extreme weather phenomena such as El-Niño.

ABSTRACT

HEAVY METALS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM LIWAGU RIVER AND MANSAHABAN RIVER AT RANAU SABAH

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Rohana Tair, Sheyron Eduin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.26.32

The Liwagu River is one of the most reliable river systems in Ranau which had experienced a mudflows event due to massive landslide of Mount Kinabalu. The aim of this study is to determine the water quality and compare the level of heavy metals in water and sediment of the Liwagu River and a non-impacted mudflows of Mansahaban River. Water and sediment were collected from four sampling stations on each river. Water samples were filtered with 0.45 μm membrane filter and acidified to pH<2 and conducted by means of ICP-OES while AAS was used for sediment analysis prior to aqua regia digestion method for the determination of five heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn). The Paired T-test shows that there were significant different between impacted and non-impacted river especially for turbidity, conductivity, temperature, Cuw, Crw, Znw, Cds, Crs and Cus, (P<0.05). Liwagu River shows the Cu concentration in sediment and water were exceeded the Guideline for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment quality in Ontario and Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS): >110 mg/kg and >0.02 mg/L, respectively. The correlations coefficient shows that there were significant relationship between heavy metals in water and sediment from Liwagu and Mansahaban River (0.413<r<0.888, p<0.05). For conclusion, the quality of water from both river are fairly the same but not for the sediment. However, further in depth investigation is needed to identify a wider perspective towards the behavior of heavy metals prior to mudflows event in Ranau, North Borneo of Malaysia.

ABSTRACT

PHYSICAL IMPACT OF SEA LEVEL RISE TO THE COASTAL ZONE ALONG THE EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Isfarita Ismail, Wan Salihin Wong Abdullah, Aidy @ Mohamed Shawal M. Muslim, Rozaimi Zakaria

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.02.2018.33.38

Sea level rise around the world caused by global warming since decade and effects on coastal especially country below mean sea level and country island. The prediction of sea level rise by 2100 is over 3m. Sea level rise increases caused by melting ice and thermal expansion. The impact of sea level rise concentrated along the coastal area. This paper studied the impact of sea level rise to physical parameters along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seven physical variables such as geomorphology, shoreline change rate, coastal slope, lithology, maximum wave height, mean tidal range and sea level change were chosen to find an physical vulnerability index. The index also was mapped using ArcGIS software to picture the vulnerability. The worst area for physical vulnerability index is along the Pahang coastline especially Kuantan district. The prevention and adaptation from government and non-government agencies should be taken to reduce the effects of sea level rise.

ABSTRACT

FLOOD-HAZARD MAPPING IN A REGIONAL SCALE – WAY FORWARD TO THE FUTURE HAZARD ATLAS IN BANGLADESH

Journal: Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG)
Author: Md. Yousuf Gazi, Md. Ashraful Islam, Shakhawat Hossain

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/mjg.01.2019.01.11

Flood causes substantial economic loss and hindrance to development activities in many developing countries of the world. Bangladesh, a developing country in South-east Asia is ranked as the world’s ninth-most disaster-prone country by the World Risk Report, 2018 because of its high exposure to multiple hazards and less coping and adaptive capacities. The country is recurrently hit by flood hazard almost every year. Being a densely populated country with the fragile economic condition, Bangladesh urgently needs to focus on future flood-risk reduction with more effective measures in order to sustain the development milestone achieved till now. Flood hazard mapping, an initial phase of risk understanding (i.e., perception and knowledge), is often considered to be an indispensable component of flood-risk reduction strategies. In line with the contention, the present study aimed towards flood hazard mapping in Bangladesh where flood prone northeastern part of the country is taken as a case area. Multi-cri teria evaluation technique (MCE) for hazard mapping has been employed where elevation, slope, distance from river, land use and landcover (LULC), precipitation, flow length, and population density were taken as the causative factors. Each factor, as well as their subclasses, were assigned with pertinent weight values based on expert knowledge by analytical hierarchy process (AHP)and subsequently integrated into geographic information system (GIS) platform. According to the final flood-susceptibility map, ~4241 km2 (~ 20% of the total area) area is categorized as the highest flood potential zone which encompasses mostly the southern part of the study area, including Gazipur, Narsingdi, and Brahmanbaria districts. In contrast, low flood potential zone covers ~9362 Km2 (~43% of the total area) area covering the northwestern and southwestern parts (e.g., Mymensing and Tangail districts) of the study region. Besides, a considerable portion of the study region, mostly in the western part (e.g., Sunamganj and Kishoreganj districts) is categorized as moderate flood potential zone encompassing ~7823 km2 (~ 35% of the study area) area. Population density, distance to river and topographic characteristics are found as the most influencing factors for the mapping of flood-risk zones in the current study. This type of assessment in a regional scale may serve as a guide to the relevant stakeholders to formulate flood hazard atlas and minimize the adverse impact of the future flood in Bangladesh.