The current investigation is focused on determining porosity and permeability, among other parameters, in a producing Niger Delta field in the Coastal Swamp Depositional Belt. Well logs like gamma ray logs, resistivity logs, caliper logs, density logs, and compressional wave logs in digital format were utilized in this study. The methodology began by filtering logs to eliminate erroneous spikes that might affect the accuracy of the outcomes. Identifying reservoir zones of interest and establishing correlations between wells were key steps in this work. These correlations revealed the consistency of shale and sand packages across the field. Finally, petrophysical characteristics were computed through empirical relationships. Results reveal that reservoirs exhibit an average gross thickness of 50 to 329 ft, a net thickness of 40 to 213, a net-to-gross ratio of 0.496 to 0.924, a shale volume of 0.054 to 0.429, an average total porosity of 0.256 to 0.407, an effective porosity of 0.202 to 0.404, water saturation of 0.036 to 0.431, and permeability of 2108 to 4932 millidarcy (md). Results also showed the reservoir units have fair-to-good porosity, exceptional permeability, and good-to-excellent net-to-gross characteristics. Overall, the comprehensive petrophysical analytical technique has increased confidence in discovering hydrocarbon by giving additional useful information into the reservoir quality distribution of the field.

Geoelectrical resistivity technology (GRT) was utilized to determine the potential and the protective capacity of the groundwater system in Ogba–Ndoni–Egbema Local Government Area (ONELGA) of Rivers State, Southern Nigeria. The deliverable of the research work was to determine groundwater potential zones and vulnerability by using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and borehole (BH) logs. GRT method applied Schlumberger 1-D vertical electrical sounding (VES). ABEM Terameter SAS 300 B resistivity meter was used to acquire 10 VES data while IPI2Win software tool was used to estimate the primary geo-electric indices. Lithostratigraphic analyses from two borehole (BH) logs further elucidate aquifer characteristics, facilitating the identification of desirable aquifer layers for groundwater storage and transmission. The best shallowest aquifer for the first BH log is fine to medium sand (whitish) with a thickness of 21m and ranges from 9m to 30 m. The aquifer in the second BH log is the whitish medium coarse sand, which is 9m thick and is situated between depths of 6 to 15m. Primary and secondary geoelectric parameters were employed to generate maps of hydrodynamic properties for the shallowest aquifer unit widely exploited in the region, enabling efficient groundwater management. The resistivity values for the most superficial aquifer varied between 265 and 919 Ωm and, the thickness of this layer ranged from 6.9 to 26.7 meters, with depths spanning from 8.6 to 43.3 meters. The findings revealed a range of potential index parameters such as transmissivity (2.366-5.734 m2/day), transverse resistance (1828.5-23576.1 Ωm2), and hydraulic conductivity (0.205-0.480 m/day), indicating favorable groundwater potential but inadequate protective capability, as indicated by the longitudinal conductance index (0.013109-0.030237 Siemens). Given the significant population residing in the local government due to its economic activities, it is recommended to implement well-managed waste disposal measures to prevent the infiltration of leachates as well as other organic and inorganic wastes into the naturally vulnerable underlying aquifer units.

The highway geotechnical properties of quartzite-derived lateritic soil from Ijebu-Ijesa were investigated with a view to determining the suitability or otherwise for flexible highway construction.The field investigations included the study of the geological and geotechnical settings of the area and collection of four bulk samples within the study area. The laboratory investigation procedures involved the use of air dried sample which were subjected to laboratory classification tests including; grain size distribution and consistency limits (liquid limit and plasticity limit). Other engineering tests often employed in evaluating highway sub-grade material which include Compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression test (UCS), in accordance with British Standard 1377 (1990) with some modification where necessary were also conducted. Results of engineering tests revealed that the specific gravity of the soil ranges from 2.32 to 3.10. The results of grain size distribution analysis revealed that the soil is well graded. The amount of fines of the soil samples range from 28.7% to 35.55%.The liquid limit for the soil samples ranges from 28.5% to 35.40%.Casagrande chart classification showed that the soil samples have low to medium plasticity. The maximum dry density ranges from 1850Kg/m3 to 1890Kg/m3 with their optimum moisture contents ranging from 13.08% to 17.98%. Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio of the soil ranges from 0.75% to5.3%.Unconfined Compressive Strength of the soil ranges from 132.18KN/m2 to 135.00KN/m2 and 1200.50KN/m2 to 1640.92KN/m2for uncured and cured respectively. Findings from this study indicate that the soil is suitable to be used as subgrade material in the construction of flexible pavement.

Permeability information is a necessary requirement to assess the migration and accumulation of fluids in the reservoir. Three well data (A, B, C) were available for this investigation. Microsoft Excel was used for the analysis and computation of results. Spurious values were noted and removed. Porosity was first determined and their average results for Wells A, B and C are 17.26604%, 22.83019% and 13.35095% respectively. These values of porosity indicate the reservoir classes of Wells A, B and C as good, good and fair correspondingly. This information enables the determination of average permeability of wells A, B and C corresponding to 80975.24 Darcy, 105407.1 Darcy and 65580.38 Darcy. Therefore, the reservoir of wells A and B are highly porous and permeable for the storage and migration of fluids. They should be developed for hydrocarbon exploration. This is because the porosity and permeability values of these wells are reasonable as they have met the standard. However, well C is permeable but not reasonably porous as it belongs to a fair class. The velocity information would give account of the rock elastic properties in terms of strength.

The utilization of recycled waste materials in geotechnical and civil engineering presents an eco-friendly approach to waste management, with the potential to enhance soil properties. Scrap tyres, in particular, possess valuable characteristics that can be effectively harnessed for various engineering applications. This study conducted in sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan,examines the impact of incorporating crumb rubber, obtained from scrap tyres, as an additive in clayey soil. Soil specimens were statically compacted at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, incorporating 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 15% by weight of crumb rubber into the base soil. The experimental results indicate a reduction in optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength demonstrated an initial increase with up to 7% rubber incorporation, followed by a subsequent decline. These findings suggest that waste crumb rubber can be effectively employed in various geotechnical applications up to a certain proportion, offering a sustainable solution for waste management and soil enhancement.

The northeastern part of Bangladesh is facing more diverse problems such as more frequent and severe floods, sea level rise, saltiness water, and loss of biodiversity due to poor management of flooding systems. This article investigates that about 55% ,60% & 50% area was sequentially inundated in A.D. 1988, A.D. 1998 and A.D.2007. These 3 floods were historically more horrible than any other catastrophic flood. In A.D. 2007 flooding made 9 million people homeless and roughly 1000 people died. However, due to institutional limitations, mismanagement and social conflicts, applications of the flood mitigation plan and water management approaches were not implemented. With every major flood in Bangladesh, water security and poverty situations are adversely affected. Heavy monsoon rain and water from upstream sources have triggered drainage levels occasionally considered the main causes of flood in Bangladesh. But this article explores that the main causes of flood of Bangladesh are lack of river beds mining, lack of stabilizing trees, dam, and lack of bank revetment both sides of the river. According to the field data, in Bangladesh there are only 35% of flood protected zone. On the contrary, there are 52% of flood unprotected area. This article analyzed flood hazard in Bangladesh and try to make nature-based solutions for mitigating this vulnerability.

The complex dynamic processes such as the magma movements in the crust and uppermost mantle result in the anisotropic wave propagation. In case of the Rayleigh and Love surface waves, this anisotropy is known as the Rayleigh-Love wave discrepancy. The surface wave propagation beneath the Central Anatolia shows this discrepancy for which we utilize the vertical transverse isotropy in the form of forward solutions. We use single-station and two-station methods to attain the observed surface wave dispersion curves in the period range 7-40 s and then apply the two-dimensional (2-D) tomography to convert these curves into the velocity maps defined through a 0.05o x 0.05o – sized grid. The damped least-squares technique is used to invert the individual group and phase velocity curves for the one-dimensional (1-D) structure. The latter 1-D inversion provides the depth profiles for the Voigt isotropic average shear-wave velocity (𝑉𝑆) and the radial anisotropy (𝜉). The 𝑉𝑆 and 𝜉 depth profiles are employed to construct the vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) velocity structure beneath a grid point. Through the forward modeling, the VTI velocity structure is revised to jointly fit the observed Rayleigh and Love group and phase velocities. In the forward modeling, the fifth VTI parameter (𝜂𝐾) measuring the departure from the elliptic condition (𝜂𝐾=1.0) and the anisotropic velocity perturbations (𝑎𝑃2⁄ and 𝑎𝑆2⁄) are primarily adjusted to achieve the fit between the observed and theoretical dispersion curves. In the depth range ~20-30 km, the 𝜂𝐾 is generally found to be 𝜂𝐾<1.0 changing in the range 0.94≤𝜂𝐾≤0.95, which is consistent with the PREM and the expression 𝑎𝑃2⁄=0.5𝑎𝑆2⁄ appears to be valid for the mid-to-lower crust beneath the studied region. In particular, the Rayleigh group velocities require the setting 𝜂𝐾<1.0 in the mid-to-lower crustal depth range.

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are known as persistent organic pollutants (POP) which exist in different media as contaminants in parts of the environment’s atmosphere, seawater, sediments, soils, and vegetation. PAHs have been known for their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and toxic properties to humans through the food chain. This study is aimed to characterize and investigate the distribution of PAHs in wet precipitations, surface waters, and soils from Ikot Abasi, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. PAHs were determined in the environmental components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Two soil and two surface water samples were taken from selected locations and wet precipitation samples were harvested on event basis from the study areas .The results reveal the presence of the following priority PAHs at different concentrations: naphthalene, (0.02-0.09 mg/L);benzo[k]fluoranthrene (0.001 -0.09 mg/L); benzo[e]pyrene (0.001-0.08 mg/L); benzo[a]pyrene (0.001 -0.09 mg/L) ; 3-methylcholanthrene (1.27-7.21 mg/L) during the rainy and dry seasons in Ikot Abasi. The concentrations of naphthalene ranges (0.02-0.06 mg/L), 3-methylcholanthrene ranges (2.40-3.65 mg/L), while other PAHs levels were below detection limits in rainwater from Ibeno in both seasons. The concentrations of naphthalene ranges (0.02-0.05 mg/L); 3-methylcholanthrene (2.30 – 5.65 mg/L), while other PAHs levels were below detection limits in rainwater from Eastern Obolo in both seasons The PAHs levels indicated were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) acceptable limit of PAHs (0.0007 mg/L) in drinking water. The PAHs detected in the surface waters were in the order: Ikot Abasi (11.09 ±0.02 mg/L) > Eastern Obolo (3.87± 0.002 mg/L) > Ibeno (1.94 ± 0.004 mg/L), during the rainy season, while the PAHs detected in the surface waters were in the order: Ikot Abasi (13.79 ± 0.03 mg/L) > Eastern Obolo (3.95± 0.008 mg/L) > Ibeno (2.45±0.011 mg/L), during the dry season. The PAHs obtained for the soils in the three study areas during the rainy season were in the order: Eastern Obolo (776 ± 5.92 ug/kg) > Ibeno (732 ± 8.33 ug/kg) > Ikot Abasi (8 ± 0.07 ug/kg), while, during the dry season, the results were in the order: Ibeno (872±11.05 ug/kg) > Eastern Obolo (105±9.03 ug/kg) > Ikot Abasi (20 ± 1.95 ug/kg). Soils from Eastern Obolo and Ibeno have PAHs levels greater than 700 ug/kg, which is categorized as slightly polluted, with toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) higher than permissible limit (33 ug/kg).This may cause ecological risk and raises public health concern that should attract more attention. Molecular diagnostic ratio analyses show that the sources of PAHs in the three study area are mainly pyrogenic.

Three-dimensional (3D) seismic data and well logs were conjointly used to characterize reservoirs in the Onshore field Niger Delta Field of South-eastern Nigeria. The goal was to model and improve on the limitations of seismic resolution in conventional inversion techniques. This is necessitated by the quest to better off understanding of the distribution of lithology and pore fluid. Both geo-statistical and deterministic inversion techniques were applied in this study to appreciate the impact of each process on reservoir recognition and demarcation. The methodology began with well log conditioning and well-to-seismic tie. Rock-Physics feasibility analysis prior to the seismic inversion was done to estimate the elastic attributes appropriate for distinguishing between different fluid types and lithologies. The rock Physics results revealed the separation of the Velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) versus Acoustic impedance (Ip) cross plot into three regions, which are hydrocarbon, brine and shale zones. This suggests that the inversion results would be capable of distinguishing hydrocarbon sands from shale. Cross-plots of Mu-Rho (μρ) versus Lambda-Rho (λρ) showed that clusters of data, which are separated into three different zones inferred to be potential hydrocarbon, oil, brine and shale zones. The geo-statistical stochastic inversion was done by integrating variogram models and probability density functions (PDFs) to identify high frequencies or low periods in the output inversion outcome. The deterministic inversion results show that hydrocarbon saturated-sands are identified from the following attributes: low values of acoustic impedance (2.11 – 2.24 ×104 ft/s*g/cc), low velocity ratio (1.70–1.82), low Lambda-Rho (14.4 –19.7 Gpa*g/cc). In all cases, the results of geo-statistical inversion provided more detailed and increased resolution than deterministic inversion, allowing for detailed reservoir characterization. In the geo-statistical inversion, some regions in deterministic inverted sections with low acoustic impedance, velocity ratio, and Lambda-Rho attribute values inferred to be hydrocarbon sands appeared as either shale or brine. The inversion shows that the lambda-Rho quality is more useful in determining fluid classification whereas the acoustic impedance attribute is a good lithology discriminator. The overall results demonstrate the workflow’s ability to accurately map the rock properties with higher resolution and the delineation of new forecast as an effective, cost-effective and decision-making instrument.

This research aims at determining the epicentre, magnitude and energy dissipated during the earth-tremor which took place at Abaji-Abuja (Nigeria) on 10th January 2020 at 13:46:20 UTC. The event was recorded by Volksmeter II VMII-2RU broadband Seismographs located at the Earthquake and Space Weather laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun state, Nigeria. The computed P-wave and S-wave arrival times and lag times were 35.8seconds, 36.1seconds and 33.3seconds recorded by three Seismographs Ife (1), Ife (2) and Ife (3) respectively. The WinQuake software was used for the analysis. Epicentre distances computed were 330.3 km, 333.5 km and 303.2 km from the three seismograms, using trilateration method. The results gave the epicentre location at 8049’N and 6047’E (Gurdi town, Yaba District, Abaji LGA, Abuja, Nigeria),focal depth of 5 km, and average epicentral distance of 322.3km from Ile-Ife. The tremor has a Local Magnitude of 2.25 MLand Coda Magnitude of 3.7Md, and the dissipated energy of 149.6 × 10-12 KJ. The implication of these results is that a local magnitude of 2.25 ML of 149.6 × 10-12KJ of energy serves as an indicator to the future occurrence of another earthquake within the said region. Necessary precautionary measures should be taken when carrying out geological and construction works within the Abaji-Abuja environs. The massive rock blasting and quarrying must have reactivated the faults within the area.